What term is used for a female bovine that has not borne a calf?

The term used for a female bovine that has not borne a calf is "heifer." A heifer is specifically defined as a young female cow that has yet to produce her first calf. This term is important in livestock terminology because it distinguishes young females from older females, which are typically referred to as cows after they have given birth.

In contrast, a cow refers to a mature female that has had one or more calves. A calf is simply a young bovine of either sex, usually under one year of age, that has not yet reached maturity. A steer, on the other hand, is a male bovine that has been castrated and is typically raised for beef. Understanding the differences in these terms is crucial for anyone involved in livestock management and breeding practices.